PURPOSEWe aimed to determine the ablation characteristics of discontinuous moving shot technique (DMST) in microwave ablation (MWA). radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (LA). and analyze the differences compared with fixed electrode technique (FET) in an ex vivo porcine liver model. METHODSFET was defined as the ablation needle remaining fixed during ablation. https://foldlyers.shop/product-category/iphone-11-pro-max/